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Solar & Space Weather

The space-weather inputs an HF propagation prediction depends on, in one place instead of four. Observations from NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center.

Propagation inputs

Solar flux
10.7 cm · sfu
Sunspot number
SESC daily
A index
planetary · running
K index
planetary · 3-hourly

Planetary K index — last 3 days

Planetary K index over the last three days Bar chart of three-hourly Kp values. The dashed line marks Kp 5, the threshold for a G1 geomagnetic storm.
One bar per three-hour interval. Kp 5 and above is a geomagnetic storm.
Show as a table
Time (UTC)KpCondition

Also right now

Solar wind
proton speed, km/s
X-ray flux
GOES, current class

What this means for HF

Solar flux and sunspot number track ionisation of the F layer, which sets the maximum usable frequency. Higher values open the upper bands; when flux is low the MUF drops and the lower bands carry more of the traffic.

The A and K indices describe geomagnetic disturbance rather than ionisation. A disturbed field raises absorption and degrades paths that cross high latitudes well before it affects paths nearer the equator, so a quiet band on one circuit can be unusable on another.

These are observations, not a prediction. To turn them into a circuit-specific answer, put the flux or sunspot number into a point-to-point run.

Run a VOACAP prediction →